**Remember, wiki questions are not the specific questions that you will see on exams. The wiki is designed to ask you questions that have you reviewing and studying material so that you can answer most, if not all of the questions I ask. Use the other review sheet as a guide for all of the terms that you are responsible for knowing. The wiki is not all inclusive (but very close), i.e., there may be questions on the test that are not mentioned in the wiki or there are items in the wiki for which no test question will be asked. However, I have written the wiki after writing the exam so there is a very close relationship. Exam questions will not be worded the same way as in the lecture materials or the textbook, so memorizing your notes is not the key to success. Knowing and understanding the material, is! 
This exam has 48 questions and is worth 50 points total. There are two bonus questions, one worth 2 points and the other worth 1 point. These are fill in the blank type questions and there are explicit instructions for the format of your answer to these questions. Follow them or you will not be given credit for the answer (even if it is right). Make sure you spell everything correctly.
Instructions: Click on the edit tab above (after you log in - see upper right corner for button). Type an answer or improve upon a classmate's entry by rewording or simply replacing it with a better answer (you can just type over the previous answer!). Don't be shy about doing this! That's the whole idea of a wiki. The goal is to get the best study guide possible by working together. I've put the questions out and you supply the answers. Remember to hit the save button when finished.
***Please keep your answers in black unbolded so they are easy to distinguish from the questions.
***Comments within the wiki left by me (your instructor) will be in green.
1. What are the five traditional themes of geography? Which is the oldest?
2. Identify and briefly describe the four subsystems of the global ecosystem. Are they open or closed systems? What is the difference between the energy and matter systems? Which one is open and which is closed?
3. Who was the first person to most accurately estimate the circumference of Earth? Using very basic terms, how did he accomplish this?
4. What individual was the first to determine the following:
- that the orbits of the planets are elliptical =
- that the speed of a planet's orbit is faster when closer to the sun =
- that the Earth is a sphere =
5. What are the characteristics of lines of latitude and lines of longitude? Think about: what is the orientation of the lines, spacing, range of values, location of "zero", units of measure, where is the Prime Meridian, etc.
6. Latitude and longitude are angular measures. What does this mean?
7. How much ground distance is represented by a degree of latitude? How many minutes are in a degree? How many seconds are in a minute? What is a great circle? Which line of latitude is truly a great circle? Are any lines of longitude considered great circles?
8. What is the difference between conformality (conformal) and equivalence (equal area)?
9. What are the advantages, disadvantages, and uses of the Mercator (cylindrical), polar, conic, and interrupted homolosine projections? Where does each projection exhibit the least and greatest distortion.
10. What are great circle routes and rhumb lines? What is a loxodrome? How do they appear on polar projections and Mercator projections?
11. What happens to the day, date, and time when you cross the IDL and stay within the time zone containing the IDL? What about when you leave that time zone?
12. What is the difference between rotation and revolution? Define the perihelion and aphelion - be sure to discuss when each occurs.
13. Define the Plane of the Ecliptic, the tilt of the Earth's axis relative to that plane, and the meaning of the term parallelism. What is the circle of illumination?
14. Define and explain the term solar declination. How does the range of declinations vary over the course of a year? How does the location of the declination for the date relate to solar radiation intensity?
15. Explain the seasons of the year including the date. Why do we change seasons? For each date, please describe where the earth is located in its orbit relative to the sun including its orientation. Also, tell me what the solar declination is for the date and how much daylight or darkness there is at each pole and the equator.
16. What and where are the following 'lines': Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn, Arctic Circle, Antarctic Circle. Why are they found at their specific locations?
17. How do differences in the angle of the sun influence the amount of solar radiation reaching the surface and ultimately, the sun's ability to heat the surface?
18. List the main components of Earth's second atmosphere (following volcanic activity). How is this atmosphere different from the current atmosphere?
19. What is the difference between a permanent and variable gas? What are the main variable gases and how do their concentrations vary?
20. What is the role played by carbon dioxide, water vapor, and dust in the atmosphere?
21. Describe the structure of the atmosphere (what are the layers in order from bottom to top) based on temperature. What are the important characteristics of each layer?
22. What is a lapse rate? What is a temperature inversion? Where do temperature inversions exist in earth's atmosphere?
23. Describe the changes in temperature that take place with altitude throughout the atmosphere? Note whether warming or cooling is taking place in each of the atmospheric layers.
24. What is the role of ozone in the atmosphere? In which layer of the atmosphere is it located? What does it do to the temperature in the layer in which it is find? Why is it critical to human life?
25. How do we define the atmosphere based on composition? What are the names of the layers and what are their characteristics? What relationship do these layers have to the layers based on temperature?
26. How do we define the atmosphere based on function? What are the names of the layers and what are their characteristics?
27. What is air pressure? How does air pressure vary with altitude? How does air density change with height?
28. How is air pressure measured?
29. What causes the thickness of the troposphere (or equivalently, the height of the tropopause) to change over time and from place to place? Explain.
30. What is the true shape of the earth and what is it called?
31. Describe the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Which color has the shortest wavelengths and which has the longest? If you had to order the following from longest to shortest wavelength, how would they be listed...visible, ultraviolet, infrared?
32. What range of wavelengths are produced by the sun and where does the sun have its peak radiation output (give wavelength and wave band)? Which radiation law gives us the location of an object's radiation peak?
33. Where does earth have its radiation peak? In which wave band is this located?
34. Explain Wein's Law (not mathematically) - what does it tell us? Be able to apply the concept to a question. Again, no math required.
35. Explain the Stefan-Boltzmann relationship/law (not mathematically) - what does it tell us?
